Jim Keeton
Russ James
David Orlebeke
Keeton Industries, Inc. | Linda Keeton
300 Lincoln Court, Suite H | Fort Collins, CO 80524
Tel: (970) 493-4831 | Fax: (970) 493-4921
Email: keeton@keetonaqua.com |
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An OH generator is the expression used for hydroxyl generator, as the main disinfection agent is the OH radical ion.
Two separate tests were recently concluded on Aquatic Technologies' hydroxyl radical generator to determine the units' ability to raise dissolved oxygen and reduce nitrogen compounds.Test A: This test concerned the use of fruit processing effluent. The effluent contained heavy organic matter (cherry skins) as well as 36 brix of sugar. The test was to determine the units' ability to remove the nitrogen compounds, as well as break down the heavy sugar content. Test was conducted in February of 2001 at the company's test facility in Newberg, Oregon.
Test B: Single cell unit was tested on a 50'x 3' x 3' heated raceway inside a 50' x 30' greenhouse located at the company's test facility in Newberg, Oregon. Test was to determine the units' ability to maintain acceptable levels of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate in freshwater prawn/koi rearing tank. Test results are from March 16th through May 16th. This test is ongoing and the report provided is preliminary findings
Test "A" Results - Fruit Processing Effluent:
150 gallons of fruit effluent was acquired from Meduri Farms of Dallas, Oregon. Effluent contained 65 ppm nitrite, 108 ppm nitrate, 35 ppm ammonia (NH3/4), and 29.6 ppm phosphate (PO3/4). Salinity was read at 18 ppt. Beginning pH was 2.43. A Hanna C103
spectrophotometer was used to measure nitrogen and phosphate compounds. American Marine's digital salinity meter was used to determine salt level. In order to read the high levels of ammonia and nitrate, several dilutions were necessary.50 gallons of effluent was placed inside a 55-gallon drum. A Little Giant submersible pump was used to pump the effluent through the electrode cell of the hydroxyl radical generator and returned the effluent to the same 55-gallon drum. A flow meter was placed on the discharge line. Flow rate was consistent throughout the test at 15 gpm.
The effluent temperature at the beginning of the test was 54 degrees F. Following conclusion of the test, effluent temperature was 98 degrees F. This was expected as the pumping of the sugar water creates heat.
Tests on ammonia, nitrite and nitrate levels were conducted every 45 minutes. The test was run 3x, using 50 gallons each time. The only changes made were to the amperage output of the electrode cell. All other parameters were the same.
TEST A - FRUIT EFFLUENTElectrode Amperage - 10 amps DC (all measurements in ppm)
Summary:The unit's ability to break sugars is limited. Why, we are not sure, but the heat appears to bake the sugar to the electrode, producing a very hard carbon. It is our opinion that the reduction of sugar actually comes from this cooking of the sugar onto the electrodes themselves, and not from any breakdown by the electrode cell. Additional amperage may be necessary to break down the sugars. Our unit can only produce a maximum of 25 amps. The phosphate disappearing and then reappearing appears to be the result of the unit turning the phosphate into ammonium phosphate, then back into phosphate once the ammonia is gone.
This is an uneducated guess on our part. However, the test proves that when using platinum coated titanium electrodes rather then carbon graphite, phosphate does not interfere with the unit's ability to break ammonia into nitrite, nitrite into nitrate and nitrate into nitrogen and oxygen gas. Increased amperage appears to correlate into a faster breakdown of the nitrogen compounds.
Page 3Not noted above was the measurement of dissolved oxygen measurement. This was a side-line of this test and not part of the original study, more for our interest then anything else.
The initial oxygen level of the effluent was 1.5 ppm.Dissolved oxygen levels did not change from test 1 to 3. Measurement of DO following the first 45 minutes of operation remained at 8.95 ppm. This demonstrated super-saturation for the effluent at 98 degrees F.
TEST B - PRAWN/KOI RACEWAY:The raceway is 50' long, 3' wide and 3' deep. Water level is maintained at 16", providing 1500 gallons of water (4950 liters). Water temperature is maintained at 84 degrees F. during the day, with a 2 degree drop during nighttime hours due to loss of solar gain. A 1hp heat pump provides the heat source for the raceway. A Lilypad skimmer (360 degree no-niche skimmer) is located at just to side of the main suction line, located at one end of the raceway. The discharge water is located at the opposite end of the water and is discharged directly underwater. No biological filter is utilized on the raceway. The skimmer is attached to a Hayward 50cu.ft. cartridge filter, which is operated every 3-4 days, to remove floating debris from the hanging plants located above the raceway.
The raceway was stocked with 1500 post-larva freshwater prawn (M. rosenbergii) of approximately .5" in size. They were placed at the head of the raceway with a 1" fiber mate material used as containment walls placed directly in front of the discharge water and again, 8' further down the raceway. Four, 33" koi were placed and contained from the 8' mark to the 30' mark, with fifty-five 4-5" koi placed in the remaining 20'. The four large koi had suffered abrasions as a result of night-fright and one had a full body pierce through the body at the base of the tail from a catfish spine. All four koi were placed in the raceway to observe the hydroxyl's ability to prevent or reduce secondary infection.
The fifty-five 4-5" koi were imported from Japan and were placed directly into the raceway without quarantine. Stocking occurred on March 16th of 2001 for the prawn and large koi. The fifty-five smaller koi were introduced on May 20, 2001.
From day 1 through day 90, prawn and koi were fed to satiation twice per day, with the addition of 4-ounces of catfish sinking pellets added each night to the prawn section. Burris Mill's larvae prawn feed at a 52% protein level was used throughout the test period. Hai Feng Quick Grow floating medium sized pellet was fed to the large koi. Quick Grow contains a 34% protein from fish and shrimp meal.
The initial conductivity of the raceway water was set at 1150 ppm. The hydroxyl radical generator was set at 3.5 amps, with a flow rate of 65 gpm through a single cell containing a platinum coated titanium mesh configured electrode. Cell was allowed to operate 24 hours per day. Once per week, 2-3 ounces of catalytic enzyme was added to the raceway water to speed emulsification of fecal and organic wastes.
Page 4The raceway water contained no phosphate, ammonia, nitrite or nitrate prior to the introduction of the various species. The water had been allowed to recirculate through the hydroxyl generator for 5 days prior to the introduction of the fish and prawns. Dissolved oxygen was measure directly in front of the discharge water and at the 49' mark at the opposite end of the raceway. No other aeration of the water was used.
Weekly readings were made of dissolved oxygen, ammonia (NH3/4), nitrite, nitrate, pH and phosphate. No water changes were allowed, though approximately 280 gallons of well water was added each week to replace that lost to evaporation.
Conductivity of the well water was measured at 17 ppt. Adjustment to 1150 was made using sodium bicarbonate (baking soda). Initial pH was 7.5 and did not differ throughout the 3-month study.
Except for dissolved oxygen, all other tests were conducted using water samples taken directly from the section enclosing the freshwater prawn. This was done as the speed of the discharge water was greatly reduced after this section, due to the effluent coating the fiber mesh. This slowing of the discharge water meant that concentrations of nitrogen pollutants would be greatest in this area.
Summation:Ph - fluctuated between 7.3 and 7.8 throughout trial period. Difference was
Determined to be between water additions for loss from evaporation.
Ammonia - ammonia, as unionized ammonia, never rose above .0005 ppm throughout the study.
This level was the highest reached at the end of the 3 month study, with average levels remaining
At .0002 ppm. This measurement is based on Colt's theory, adjusting total ammonia (NH3/4) by calculation adjustment for pH and temperature. Temperature of water sample was maintained at 20 C for 24 hours prior to the actual test.
Nitrite - nitrite, as expressed as NO2 -N, consistently held at 0.007 throughout the trial period.
Nitrate - nitrate at the 30 day mark, measured .17 ppm. At the 60 day mark, nitrate levels read 6.84 ppm. At the 90 day mark, nitrate was measured at 10.9 ppm (see "Other Notes"). Noted that catalytic enzyme dosing was halted at the 45 day mark (unbeknownst to testing party).
Dissolved Oxygen - initial reading at 82 degrees F. prior to introduction of prawn and koi was 9.71 ppm at 1' in front of the discharge water. At the 49' mark, DO measured 8.21 ppm. From Day 1 to Day 60, dissolved oxygen (plus/minus .7 ppm) was measured at 9.93 at the discharge end, and 7.65 at the 49' mark. After Day 60, with the introduction of the 55 4-5" koi, dissolved oxygen levels were reduced only at the 49' mark to 6.68 ppm.
Page 5Phosphate - phosphate levels at Day 30 were measured at .015 ppm. Day 60 showed a rise to .56 ppm and day 83 (prior to operator going on vacation) measured .76 ppm. A growth of hair algae was noted to have begun growing inside the prawn section, with algae measuring approximately 1/4" in length.
Other Notes: Following day 90, the water in the raceway was reduced to approximately 4", and the prawn, which now measured an average of 3", were moved to the middle of the raceway, the large koi and the smaller koi both being moved back to the main 15,000 gallon rearing pond. This was done as the larger koi were totally healed and the organic waste trapped within the prawn area was removed. A sludge layer of approximately .5" was noted to have accumulated in this area.
The smaller koi now measured an average of 6.24" inches. Each koi was physically checked for wounds and external parasites, with no signs of anchor worm or abrasions/legions being noted.
The larger koi's wounds were totally healed with scales on the tail section of the pierced koi being to grow.1/4" mesh screens were installed to contain the shrimp, with the approximate rearing are being expanded to 30'. Use of catalytic enzyme at 2-3 oz. Per week has now resumed.
No koi were lost during this study period, but physical count of the prawn has denoted a loss totaling 100. It is believed that this loss occurred within the last week while the facility operator was on vacation and a substitute party was allowed to feed the various aquatic species and water the plants. Tests showed phosphate levels had risen within that 7-day period from .76 to 2.29, and nitrate from 3.2 ppm to 10.9 ppm. It was determined that the substitute party had cleaned the cartridge filter using a pool/spa cleaner that contained phosphoric acid.
Regardless of the "accident" with the cartridge cleaner, the hydroxyl radical generator was able to maintain acceptable levels of unionized ammonia, nitrite and dissolved oxygen within the raceway. Had use of catalytic enzymes been maintained, it is believed that the nitrate and sludge layer would have been reduced by at least 50%, preventing the growth of any hair-like algae with the prawn section.
Only a visual measurement was made of water clarity. At no time throughout the study (not counting the "accident" period), was the bottom of the raceway not viewable, nor was any hair-like algae seen to be growing along the tank bottom or sidewalls. Though amperage output differed from 3.5-4.0 amps from one week to the next, it is apparent that the unit performed with great reliability to eradicate nitrogen pollutants and maintain adequate dissolved oxygen levels. Other tests conducted in our 15,000 gallon main rearing tank suggest that increased amperage output would not have raised the DO by any significant amount, as saturation was noted at the discharge end (and did not change) once amperage output of 2.2 amps was achieved.
Page 6The growth of aerobic bacteria along the tank sidewalls and bottom was noted to be significantly higher within the first 12" of the discharge pipe. This was a visual notation only.
This increase in growth is a standard result denoted from all studies over the past 7 years regardless of whether carbon graphite or titanium electrodes were used. Outside testing facilities have reasoned that this growth is a direct result of the high levels of oxygen available to the microbes within the area immediately adjacent to the discharge water.Recent tests by other's using carbon graphite electrodes on industrial waste water applications, denote that the use of catalytic enzymes increase hydroxyl radical generation by 30%. We have not attempted to qualify these findings, as our current budget does not allow for this expenditure.
End of Report
Aquatic TechnologiesFort Collins, Colorado
May 2001
HYDROXYL RADICAL GENERATORS - WHAT THEY ARE AND HOW TO USE
First, what are hydroxyl radicals? Hydroxyls are one of the chemicals known as oxidizers. The chemical expression is OH, OH- and OH+. The term radical denotes that in the positive or negative state, they recombine to create water and other chemical substances. By themselves - they are the 2nd most powerful oxidizers known to man, being 1 million times faster at oxidizing (neutralizing) organics in water then ozone, permanganate or chlorine. More importantly, they are one of the only oxidizers that are not damaging to gill or ocular tissue in aquatic species, and do not create cancerous byproducts from the oxidation of organic and inorganic matter.
Hydroxyl radicals, as an oxidizing agent, have been known by science for well over 120 years. During the late 1880's, Europe suffered through the Black Plaque. The Plaque was the result of feces infected drinking water. Ozone was discovered to be a purifier of this water - with hydroxyl radicals being a byproduct of this ozone creating process. It was postulated at the time that hydroxyl radicals were probably the main purifying agents. They just did not have the science then to determine this truth and it was ancillary to the main reason for the experiments - which was to destroy the coliform bacteria that was infecting the well water!
In the Late 1970's - hydroxyl radicals again were looked at for purification of water, primarily by the U.S. Space program. The results were mixed - problems primarily revolving around power requirements and proper electrical conducting electrode materials. At that time - we did not have the materials and power generating ability that is available now. However, hydroxyls were found to be very powerful water purifying agents - much more so then ozone - especially as they were 1000x more stable in water then ozone (ozone under optimum conditions lasts 22 seconds in water before re-bonding with water or off-gassing to the air. Hydroxyl radicals last 22 minutes in water).
In the mid-1990's new tests were begun with hydroxyl radicals and their generation by electrolysis, photolysis (UV light) and other means. New composites for electrodes and manufacturing processes produced units with far greater power at tremendously lower costs then were available 20 years earlier.
Page 2It was at that time I, as well as others, were offered these units to test and evaluate in actual field conditions. The following is the results of 7 years of operation with various units and manufactures.
Hydroxyl generators are commonly sold to pool and spa contractors as chlorine generators. This is because when used with salt (NaCl), the units produce chlorine from the breaking of the chloride from the sodium, and it's subsequent rebonding with hydrogen and oxygen. However, when used where chloride is not present (sodium bicarbonate instead of salt) they are extremely efficient in producing O, O1, O2, OH, OH-, OH+, low amounts of O3 (ozone) and in breaking ammonia, nitrite and nitrate into nitrogen and hydrogen gas!
Simply put - hydroxyl radicals increase the dissolved oxygen level (DO) while oxidizing pathogenic bacteria (*) and viruses (both are attacked by the hydroxyl radical and the atomic oxygen - destroying them), and removing the total ammonia nitrogen from freshwater. As O, O1 and O2 are produced from the splitting of the hydrogen/oxygen bond of the water - dissolved oxygen, on the atomic level, is made available for consumption by the aquatic species being raised. Higher DO counts reduce stress and stress induced diseases, improve food intake and utilization, and reduce growth time.
As pathogenic bacteria do not like high oxygen environments, this rise in DO helps inactivate these non-beneficial bacteria - reducing viral and bacterial disease outbreaks and cross-contamination. Studies have found that Septicemia, Streptococcus, Coliform's, Psuedomonas, and Aeromonas all are destroyed by hydroxyl radicals.
Ammonia, nitrite and nitrate are the main pollutants found in ornamental ponds, rearing and breeding waters, manure ponds, and even human wastewater systems.
Biologically, ammonia is broken into nitrite, then nitrite to nitrate.
Page 3With the ability to break hydrogen and oxygen bonds, hydroxyl radical generators’ break ammonia (NH3/NH4) into nitrite (NO2) and nitrate (NO3) with the hydrogen atom being off-gassed or recombined into other benign substances. Nitrite is broken into nitrogen and oxygen, with some oxygen joining to create nitrate, which is then further broken into its’ single elements.
All of this occurs in nanoseconds of time - producing the ability to remove TAN (total ammonia nitrogen) faster from aquatic and wastewater systems then biological systems and those imploring carbon, zeolite or other nitrogen absorbing materials.
USING GENERATORS TO PRODUCE HYDROXYL RADICALSThough somewhat complicated, hydroxyl radical generators are wonderful purifiers for freshwater aquatics. Somewhat complicated in their proper use (as various manufacturers units have specific peculiarities - all revolving around the type of electrode used), generators are great back-ups to biological filters and can reduce antibiotic and other chemical treatments considerably.
The generators are made up of a control box, and one or two electrode chambers. The control box takes AC voltage (alternating current - what we in the United States use in our homes to power televisions, appliances, lights, etc.) and converts it to DC voltage (direct current is what flashlights, cell phones and automobiles use). This is because DC voltage can be used underwater, whereas AC can’t. The DC voltage is relayed from the control box to the electrodes inside the electrode/water contact chamber, creating either a very strong positive electron field, or an alternating negative-to-positive electron field, in which the water passes through and by. This positive electron field "breaks" the hydrogen/oxygen bonds.
It takes only 1.25 amps of DC voltage to break the hydrogen/oxygen bond. The higher the amperage above this, the easier it is to break tighter electron bonds of hydrogen and oxygen from other substances - such as nitrogen. Normally, amperages of 2-5 amps are sufficient in most applications to maintain dissolved oxygen counts and remove the total ammonia nitrogen compounds.
Page 4The higher the amperage, the faster the breakdown of chemical compounds, and the greater the production of hydroxyl radicals. The use of a Mazzi air injector also increases the amount of hydroxyls and oxygen species (00,01, & 02) produced, normally by 40%.
Carbon graphite electrodes require greater amps to operate efficiently then do the titanium electrodes. Carbon graphite electrodes also do not last as long (usually about 12 months) and can actually feed algae blooms due to the release of the carbon.
They are safer to use where sodium chloride is used to raise the conductivity or treat the water then the titanium electrodes, as they due not have as great an ability to produce chlorine. This is due to differences in surface area and total amperage distributed throughout the electrode surface. This is why carbon graphite electrodes are best when using small water volumes (under 100 gallons).
Titanium electrodes are superior in the utilization of the amperages being produced, and thus are more energy efficient then carbon graphite. Whether the electrode is of a mesh design or a solid titanium plate depends on the water volume, the chemical compounds needing oxidation/reduction, metal content of the water, and organic loading. Solid bars are normally used with units that fluctuate their amperage from positive to negative. This switching helps keep the electrodes clean. This is not possible with the mesh electrodes - requiring periodic cleaning by immersion in muratic acid or other descaling solution (like the type used for ice making machines).
Each requires various levels of total dissolved solids (TDS) in the water in order to generate the electrical field. TDS is the measurement of minerals, metals and salts in the water - normal house water can range from 75-150 ppm TDS, with well water running from 45-500 ppm. Titanium electrodes require a TDS of at least 470-ppm.
Carbon graphite requires 750 or more.To avoid chlorine production, we use sodium bicarbonate or calcium carbonate to raise TDS. Both are inexpensive and easy to acquire in bulk.
Page 5OUR FINDINGS:
In the past 9 years, we have tested the systems for disease control, dissolved oxygen production, algae inactivation, total ammonia nitrogen reduction/elimination, growth reduction, ocular and gill membrane damage, waste reduction and stocking level density in freshwater aquaculture. When used properly - no damage to ocular or gill membranes has ever been found, DO levels have been kept at 2-3ppm above that achieved with existing aeration (regardless of water temperature except at saturation). Antibiotic and topical chemical treatments were eliminated or reduced by over 70%.
Stocking levels were increased by 35% over standard stocking levels where biological filters were only were used previously (stocking levels were able to be increased 35% over previous historical maximum levels for acceptable TAN).Disease Control:
Fry, fingerlings, and adults with severe "ich" outbreaks in cold water were healed without use of salt or antibiotics using only the generator. Even where entire sections of epidermis were lost, exposing internal organs, these sections healed without medication and secondary infection.
Various species infected with streptococcus, septicemia and Aeromonas were unable to pass the disease, and required less antibiotic treatment in closed water systems where the generator was in use. Species included carp, catfish, freshwater prawn, sturgeon, crappie, crawfish and bass.
Dissolved Oxygen:
AT 2.3 amps, the dissolved oxygen as measured at the outlet of the electrode chamber, was at the maximum saturation level for the temperature of the water (oxygen saturation levels in water differ at different temperatures). This was true for all electrode types.
Page 6Where 5 amps or more were used, DO levels at 2 ppm above the normal limits with maximum mechanical aeration of the system (the maximum level possible when the generator was not in use) was maintained, except where DO saturation was already achieved.
Due to the increased oxygen available to the fish, the growth rate increased 22% (on average) above that based on optimum food and water temperature studies conducted by outside agencies. Part of this is due to increased activity - the easier it is to breathe, the more body resources are available for growth.
Total Ammonia Nitrogen:
Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) is an expression of the total ammonia compounds - namely ammonia, nitrite and nitrate. These compounds pollute fish rearing waters due to fish respiration and defecation, food wastes and rotting plant material. It is essential that these compounds be removed to prevent disease, gill and ocular damage, ensure proper growth and body development, and prevent planktonic and/or filament algae (where this is not wanted) growth.
The rate of removal is important, as the level of TAN fluctuates constantly due to fish activity, feeding regimes, amount of aeration, temperature of the water, spawning, etc. At best - we want to be able to measure less the .02ppm ammonia, 0ppm nitrite and .5 ppm nitrate in the tank system at any one time. The generator(s) can achieve this, while still raising oxygen levels and neutralizing pathogenic bacteria.
The number of generators needed is determined by stocking levels, total water volume and the flow rate of the pumps to be used. Use of supplemental biological filtration is also a factor. However, it depends on what you’re trying to achieve - increased DO? Pathogenic bacteria and virus inactivation? As a rule of thumb, you want the entire tank volume to pass through the unit(s) at least 8x per 24-hour period.
Page 7Gill and Eye Damage:
No ocular or gill damage has ever been noted or attributed to the hydroxyl radical through our own and numerous other studies by aquatic veterinarians or university departments. Though not properly equipped to study such damage ourselves (beyond that visible by eye and microscope), 7 years of raising fry and fingerlings where generators have been used produced no blindness, body deformities, or any outward sign of damage to gill membranes. (Studies were conducted on carp and catfish only).
Egg Sacs
To date, no tests have been run on other then carp eggs as to any effect the hydroxyl radical has on morbidity or deformation. After 14 spawns, there has been no differentiation noted to the number of eggs spawned, hatch rate (except for prevention of fungal destruction), or hatching time. The ability to maintain fry in the same water as when hatched, while maintaining water quality was the base of all tests - especially where man-made feed was used. 7 tests with the hydroxyl generator demonstrated optimum water quality levels (as to TAN and DO) were maintained without the use of biological filtration or daily water changes.
Phosphate
Organic phosphates at levels exceeding 120-ppb effect the carbon graphite electrodes' ability to break TAN. Why this is, is unknown at this time. However, the titanium electrodes do not have this problem. Phosphate will appear to be removed, but is actually formed into ammonium phosphate until the ammonia is removed - then phosphate will again "appear".
As many municipal water systems, and areas using ground water sources, suffering contamination from agricultural run-off, will have high phosphate levels, it is important to be aware of such prior to ordering either unit.
Page 8Fish Effluent
Within the next 3 years or so, the EPA plans to institute some rather harsh standards and penalties concerning the discharge of fish waste (effluent). Harsh, as the standards at present appear to be more stringent then that imposed on the dairy industry. Regardless of why, these standards are going to be one big headache for the commercial industry, but only if they ignore the benefits of hydroxyl generators!
The generators, more then their use in rearing systems, will make the imposition of the EPA's standards on effluent a small problem, because the generator will be able to remove all the nitrogen compounds, destroy all the pathogenic bacteria, viri, mold, fungus, etc. - plus inactivate/oxidize any residual antibiotics and other chemical treatments that may be present in the effluent water, regardless of organic load!
Where UV lights and ozone fail due to high organic loads, hydroxyl generators don't care - they produce the hydroxyl regardless. Sure, the heavier the organic load the longer it will take to inactivate and oxidize everything in the water, but that is true of any system. The hydroxyl generator will simply be faster and more efficient.Industrial Wastewater and Other Effluents
Several distributors have been utilizing the titanium electrode generators to inactivate/oxidize pollutants such as MBTE’s (the cleaning agent used in gasoline), various acidic compounds, animal fats and other such carbon-hydrogen based effluents, as wells as bio-hazards such as nerve gas and other toxins used by the military. The processes have included use of enzymes and various polymers (flocculative agents), and all results have proved the economic viability and oxidation potential of the units being vastly superior to chlorine, ozone, UV radiation and plasma discharge. Our main competitors have used an injection of 37% hydrogen peroxide prior to its passage by a corona discharge UV light. The process has proven effective, but at 35-40% less efficiency in hydroxyl production then the use of platinumized-titanium plates. The process for oxidizing industrial waste is currently under a 90-field trial and the process is expected to be patented in 2002.
Page 9Currently, there are plans to utilize the systems on a 1-million gallon expansion for a sturgeon/caviar producer, fingerling rearing systems for tilapia, and inclusion of the systems in Aquatic Technologies patented heater-chiller systems. Test data from use of the system at a commercial perch/hybrid stripped bass facility should be received and be ready for publication by the end of 2001.
Aquatic Technologies owns the U.S. distribution rights to this technology for all applications outside of recreational water use (pools and spas). National distribution for the retail market is underway and advertising of the units on a national level will begin through Aquatic Technologies distributor in March of 2002.
End
Aquatic Technologies, Fort Collins, Colorado USA
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